Coleman and Redwar Families: Box Slave Plantation Owners Alan Payne June 2020
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Plaques in Box Church. Above left: the Coleman family and Right: the Redwar family (courtesy Carol Payne)
There are some vague similarities between instances of racial prejudice in USA and Britain, mostly that they are incredibly depressing. Protests and marches occurred in my youth and little progress seems to have been made. I remember the protests against the Bristol Bus Boycott of 1963 and marches deploring the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968. Has anything changed in over half a century since then? For many people the statue of Edward Colston as a benefactor in Bristol was considered to be an obscenity because, first and foremost, he should be remembered as an immoral slave-trader.
Bristol is not alone in being complicit in the exploitation of black slaves and, even here in Box village, we have two memorials which seem to fall into a similar category. In Box Church there are plaques commemorating the Coleman and Redwar families who were in the village at the end of the Georgian period.[1] These people were the slave plantation owners, the men running slave estates in Jamaica and the women owning individual black slaves as an investment. We can start to discover more about the history of the Coleman and Redwar families from the wording of the Box memorials.
Collman Memorial (above left)
The wording on the Coleman Memorial reads:
To the Memory of MICHAEL COLLMAN Esqr. He resided upwards of thirty Years in the Island of JAMAICA, and returned to his native Country for the benefit of his Health, but too late. He died February 2nd 1816, in the 45th year of his age. In him were united the dutiful and affectionate Son the loving Brother and truly sincere Friend.
The Coleman (often spelt Collman) family were resident in Jamaica at Clarendon and at Longville, St John.[2] Michael Collman appears to have emigrated to Jamaica about 1786, when he was fifteen years old. According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership, he was an overseer on the Longville Estate from at least 1800 to at least 1807, when he was aged between about twenty-eight years and about thirty-five.[3] The Estate had been owned by the Long family for a number of years and Collman was at times the overseer for the family. He appears to have run it largely unsupervised when it was owned by Lucy Ann Long, wife of Thomas Bayley Howell, a Jamaican-born lawyer, who appears to be more interested in editing a multi-volume reference book about State Trials for William Cobbett than in running the estate.
From at least 1811, Michael Collman became a plantation owner at Longville Crawle, St John, Jamaica, when he was thirty-nine- years old. We don’t know how Collman shifted from overseeing to owing a part of Longville estate but we can discover more about Michael Collman from the will he left which was proved on 24 October 1816. The will described him as:
Late off Clarendon [Jamaica but now residing at Bath].[4] He left an annuity of £50 per annum to his mother Mary Collman and £1,000 to his sister Elizabeth (equivalent to £85,000 today). In addition, he provided for the manumisson (release from slavery) of his former housekeeper Pinky Mitchell now a slave on Longville. In a codicil of 1816, he left in trust £3,000 of the £4,000 held by William Hyde of no. 81 Birchin Lane and invested by him [Hyde] in 5% Consols to pay the dividends on £2,000 to his sister Harriet Collman and on the other £1,000 to his sister Elizabeth Larby. He left £2,000 to his brother George Collman of Epsom, the latter to be paid from his real estate in Jamaica.
Michael Collman was in Bath for just over six or seven months, from his arrival in June or July 1815 after he left Jamaica shortly after 1st June 1815. He was there until his fatal illness in January 1816 (he wrote a codicil to his will on 30th January 1816) and died in Bath on 2nd February 1816. He was buried in Box on 6th February 1816. The wording of his will suggests that he was unmarried and the Box plaque implies that he was buried in Box by a friend. Before we consider who that might have been, we can conclude what happened to the Jamaican estate.
The estate itself appears to have passed to Michael’s brother, William Collman. The records show William as the owner of several estates including Content Pen, Clarendon, Jamaica with 23 enslaved people in 1817 which increased to over 40 by 1829 by direct purchase, and then to over 50 by the abhorrent policy of encouraging breeding.
The Legacies of British Slave-ownership says that William was resident and still active in about 1842, when he was called to the Chair on the occasion of the farewell address to Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe. The record says that he might be the person called William Gollman [sic] shown below:
Sacred to the memory of William Gollman, Esquire, born 15th May, 1807, died 25th January, 1853, at Caswell Hill Estate, in the Parish of Vere. Also George Munro Collman, born Nov. 29th, 1834, died 29th May, 1853, at Bushy Park Estate in the parish of St. Dorothy, and Elizabeth Caroline Collman, born 28th August, 1846, died 27th July, 1849, at Salt River in the parish of Vere. As a tribute of conjugal and maternal remembrance this tablet has been inscribed by Elizabeth Collman.
The second memorial in Box Church is to the Redwar family and there must be a suspicion that it was this family who arranged the Coleman burial and plaque.
Redwar Memorial in Box Church (top right)
The wording on the Redwar Memorial reads:
The fiat’s gone forth;[5] thou must die
To the memory of WILLIAM and HENRY Redwar only sons (and Tenants in Common) of the late HENRY REDWAR Esqr. of Spanish Town in the island of Jamaica who were in the enjoyment of perfect health only ten days before they were called to surrender their Spirits to HIM who gave them. WILLIAM died at their Estate Dumbarton St Anns in the above Island, November 8th 1807 in his 24th year. HENRY died at Middlehill, in this Parish, December 27th 1807, in his 19th year.
Reader remember thy God and impress on thy mind the awful truth that neither age or climate can avail when the fiat’s past.
Elizabeth Redwar, widow of Henry Redwar of Dunbarton, lived at Middlehill House from at least 1798 to 1807. She was the mother of William and Henry above. After 1807 she moved to Bath where she was buried in St Swithin’s Church, Walcott Street together with two daughters, Harriett Gibbons Redwar and Mary Gale Turner, wife of Dutton Smith Turner, who lived at Ashley House, Box from at least 1802 to 1807. The memorial inscription in the church reads:
In memory of Mary Gale Turner, relict of Dutton Smith Turner of Clarendon, Jamaica, Esqr and eldest daughter of the late Henry Redwar Esqr of Dunbarton Estate, in the same island. She died in this city on the 16th of March 1822 aged 45. Also Elizabeth Gibbons Davis, whose remains are deposited in the same vault in this churchyard with her late daughter the above Mary Gale Turner, died May 7th 1825 aged 71.
Slave Compensation Act. 1833
We can see more about the Redwar family from the award of compensation to the slave owners under the terms of the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, when they received substantial payments. By 1833, the estates were under the control of the executors of William Gale Redwar (deceased) and payments were made when absentee beneficiaries could be traced:[6]
26 September 1836 £369.11s.11d to George Gavin Browne Mill (known as The Baron Mill) as trustee
10 October 1836 £1,847.19s.10d to (Harriett) Redwar (probably Mrs Harriett Gibbons) from Boulogne
5 December 1836 £369.11s.11d to John McNaught and wife from Clarendon
24 April 1837 £184.15s.11d to (each of) the Smiths (John Fairfell Smith and his wife Caroline Cydlippe) from Edinburgh, Mary Ann Turner and Sarah White Turner
13 October 1837 £184.15s.11d to JW and WD Turner, J McGlashan and wife and Wilton Turner.[7]
The awards were far from straightforward and a counterclaim by the Dr Baron George Gavin Browne Mill of Bath, gives us more insight into the memorials in Box. Baron Mill was the trustee in a marriage settlement of George Coleman and Harriett Redwar in 1816.[8] This is probably the same Harriett Redwar, the sister of Mrs Mary Gale Turner. We can see from this that the Redwar and Coleman families were connected by marriage as well as by social association.
Almost certainly Harriet Gibbons née Redwar, was the sister of Mary Gale Turner and of William Gale Redwar, and aunt of other claimants in the same award, including Sarah White Turner and Mary Ann[e] Turner. William Gale Redwar was at Eton in 1805 and later died in Jamaica. Harriet Gibbons had previously been married to Joseph Peters Fearon. They had two daughters baptised in Clarendon, Jamaica: Eliza Jane (1811) and Mary Gale (1813). She was given as Mrs HG Fearon alias McNaught in the 1826 Slave Register.
Jacquie Stewart wrote to us from Canada
{Please note details include contemporary language no longer considered acceptable)
I am an amateur researcher and have actually traced my Stewart line to my 4 x great grandfather who died in Ireland but apparently was from Scotland as per family oral history as well as some personal correspondence of relatives. I have published my Redway findings which you can read on my website, including details of my maternal grandfather, a Redway from Dunbarton,
St. Ann, Jamaica.[9]
I have traced the line back to an enslaved African woman named Grace born about 1747. I have also identified another Redway descendant of a slave, Eleanor (born about 1779) from the same estate but as of yet am unable to confirm the relationship (if any) of the two enslaved women. Eleanor, a Negro woman born in the West Indies appears to be my great, great, great grandmother. She is documented at age 38 on a 1817 slave register for brothers Henry and William Redwar in St Ann, Jamaica. Eleanor was one of 84 female slaves of 192 total slaves documented on the register.
My curiosity is in regards to whether any Redway descendants might be Redwars. I am trying to identify living descendants of Henry Redwar, whom I assume would be from his daughters since the two sons died young. At some point I am planning to trace the children's descendants but thought I would reach out first. I was able to prove my Stewart linage via DNA and am hoping to so similarly with the Redway line.
Eleanor's slave owners, Henry and William Redwar were the sons of Henry Redwar Esq and Elizabeth Gibbons Lewis. Henry Senior. was born in Barbados around 1752. He migrated to Jamaica and died there in 1798. The slave registers indicate that Eleanor had at least five children:
Emily (Sambo) born about 1800
William (Sambo) born about 1806
Collingwood Redway (Sambo) about 1809 - 1901
Sebina (Negro) born about 1814
James (Sambo) born about 1816
My great great grandfather Collingwood (sometimes Collin Wood) Redway, was often described as Sambo. This means that since his mother Eleanor was Negro, his father (unknown) was Mulatto. On 26 November 1840 Collingwood, a carpenter by trade, married Maria Jones at Dry Harbour Chapel, in St. Ann, Jamaica. A record by Rev William Alloway of the London Missionary Society gives some indication of the person when he was extoling the virtues of alcohol abstinence at a meeting February 1841:
Collingwood, Redmar (a negro) carpenter said, My dear friends, I come here to-night for no other purpose but to give thanks to God for his benefits. I never give to drink, but I see many person that hurt themselves with it. I see them lie down in the dirty, so that even hog can tread ‘pon them. Some say “it is only a little” but I say “little” will do much harm. Little pison (poison) will pison. Let dem as have ale and porter to sell, keep it, else drink it, else when it sour dem can trow (throw) it away. Me will keep for me money and buy pantaloons with it, else hat, else shoes, to come to me chapel in. I like the tee-total very much.
Conclusion
In Box and Bath, the Coleman and Redwar families were seen as pillars of Georgian society, people worthy to be remembered with the plaques in local churches. On the slave plantations of Jamaica, we see a very different side to their characters. Jacquie’s research depicts-mixed colour children possibly conceived by the rape of their ancestors (parents or grandparent) at hands of estate overseers or workers. It reflects the immorality that permeated slavery, the trade in slaves and the whole concept of the ownership of other human beings."
Box and Bath, the Coleman and Redwar families were seen as pillars of Georgian society, people worthy to be remembered with the plaques in local churches. On the slave plantations of Jamaica, we see a very different side to their characters. Jacquie’s research depicts-mixed colour children possibly conceived by rape at the hands of the estate owners. It reflects the immorality that permeated slavery, the trade in slaves and the whole concept of the ownership of other human beings.
Box was not unusual in having connections with the slave trade because much of the wealth of Georgian Britain was founded on the principle of slavery. Does Box need to take action to rectify the glorification of slavery exploitation? There are no village roads or buildings commemorating people involved in the trade, although there is evidence that they lived in properties in the village. Where there is evidence of a connection is the charity school in Box and the plaques in the church. The Box Charity School in the old workhouse was funded by slave owners in the early 1700s but is very much a thing of past history, now superseded by our Victorian Grade II listed building on the Bath Road. The plaques in Box Church are personal epitaphs to family deaths, not the overt celebration of slavery seen in statues like Colston’s in Bristol. My opinion is that we need to keep the plaques in the church so that we can remember and discuss the obscenity of slavery, racism and injustice that still exist in today’s society.
Bristol is not alone in being complicit in the exploitation of black slaves and, even here in Box village, we have two memorials which seem to fall into a similar category. In Box Church there are plaques commemorating the Coleman and Redwar families who were in the village at the end of the Georgian period.[1] These people were the slave plantation owners, the men running slave estates in Jamaica and the women owning individual black slaves as an investment. We can start to discover more about the history of the Coleman and Redwar families from the wording of the Box memorials.
Collman Memorial (above left)
The wording on the Coleman Memorial reads:
To the Memory of MICHAEL COLLMAN Esqr. He resided upwards of thirty Years in the Island of JAMAICA, and returned to his native Country for the benefit of his Health, but too late. He died February 2nd 1816, in the 45th year of his age. In him were united the dutiful and affectionate Son the loving Brother and truly sincere Friend.
The Coleman (often spelt Collman) family were resident in Jamaica at Clarendon and at Longville, St John.[2] Michael Collman appears to have emigrated to Jamaica about 1786, when he was fifteen years old. According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership, he was an overseer on the Longville Estate from at least 1800 to at least 1807, when he was aged between about twenty-eight years and about thirty-five.[3] The Estate had been owned by the Long family for a number of years and Collman was at times the overseer for the family. He appears to have run it largely unsupervised when it was owned by Lucy Ann Long, wife of Thomas Bayley Howell, a Jamaican-born lawyer, who appears to be more interested in editing a multi-volume reference book about State Trials for William Cobbett than in running the estate.
From at least 1811, Michael Collman became a plantation owner at Longville Crawle, St John, Jamaica, when he was thirty-nine- years old. We don’t know how Collman shifted from overseeing to owing a part of Longville estate but we can discover more about Michael Collman from the will he left which was proved on 24 October 1816. The will described him as:
Late off Clarendon [Jamaica but now residing at Bath].[4] He left an annuity of £50 per annum to his mother Mary Collman and £1,000 to his sister Elizabeth (equivalent to £85,000 today). In addition, he provided for the manumisson (release from slavery) of his former housekeeper Pinky Mitchell now a slave on Longville. In a codicil of 1816, he left in trust £3,000 of the £4,000 held by William Hyde of no. 81 Birchin Lane and invested by him [Hyde] in 5% Consols to pay the dividends on £2,000 to his sister Harriet Collman and on the other £1,000 to his sister Elizabeth Larby. He left £2,000 to his brother George Collman of Epsom, the latter to be paid from his real estate in Jamaica.
Michael Collman was in Bath for just over six or seven months, from his arrival in June or July 1815 after he left Jamaica shortly after 1st June 1815. He was there until his fatal illness in January 1816 (he wrote a codicil to his will on 30th January 1816) and died in Bath on 2nd February 1816. He was buried in Box on 6th February 1816. The wording of his will suggests that he was unmarried and the Box plaque implies that he was buried in Box by a friend. Before we consider who that might have been, we can conclude what happened to the Jamaican estate.
The estate itself appears to have passed to Michael’s brother, William Collman. The records show William as the owner of several estates including Content Pen, Clarendon, Jamaica with 23 enslaved people in 1817 which increased to over 40 by 1829 by direct purchase, and then to over 50 by the abhorrent policy of encouraging breeding.
The Legacies of British Slave-ownership says that William was resident and still active in about 1842, when he was called to the Chair on the occasion of the farewell address to Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe. The record says that he might be the person called William Gollman [sic] shown below:
Sacred to the memory of William Gollman, Esquire, born 15th May, 1807, died 25th January, 1853, at Caswell Hill Estate, in the Parish of Vere. Also George Munro Collman, born Nov. 29th, 1834, died 29th May, 1853, at Bushy Park Estate in the parish of St. Dorothy, and Elizabeth Caroline Collman, born 28th August, 1846, died 27th July, 1849, at Salt River in the parish of Vere. As a tribute of conjugal and maternal remembrance this tablet has been inscribed by Elizabeth Collman.
The second memorial in Box Church is to the Redwar family and there must be a suspicion that it was this family who arranged the Coleman burial and plaque.
Redwar Memorial in Box Church (top right)
The wording on the Redwar Memorial reads:
The fiat’s gone forth;[5] thou must die
To the memory of WILLIAM and HENRY Redwar only sons (and Tenants in Common) of the late HENRY REDWAR Esqr. of Spanish Town in the island of Jamaica who were in the enjoyment of perfect health only ten days before they were called to surrender their Spirits to HIM who gave them. WILLIAM died at their Estate Dumbarton St Anns in the above Island, November 8th 1807 in his 24th year. HENRY died at Middlehill, in this Parish, December 27th 1807, in his 19th year.
Reader remember thy God and impress on thy mind the awful truth that neither age or climate can avail when the fiat’s past.
Elizabeth Redwar, widow of Henry Redwar of Dunbarton, lived at Middlehill House from at least 1798 to 1807. She was the mother of William and Henry above. After 1807 she moved to Bath where she was buried in St Swithin’s Church, Walcott Street together with two daughters, Harriett Gibbons Redwar and Mary Gale Turner, wife of Dutton Smith Turner, who lived at Ashley House, Box from at least 1802 to 1807. The memorial inscription in the church reads:
In memory of Mary Gale Turner, relict of Dutton Smith Turner of Clarendon, Jamaica, Esqr and eldest daughter of the late Henry Redwar Esqr of Dunbarton Estate, in the same island. She died in this city on the 16th of March 1822 aged 45. Also Elizabeth Gibbons Davis, whose remains are deposited in the same vault in this churchyard with her late daughter the above Mary Gale Turner, died May 7th 1825 aged 71.
Slave Compensation Act. 1833
We can see more about the Redwar family from the award of compensation to the slave owners under the terms of the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, when they received substantial payments. By 1833, the estates were under the control of the executors of William Gale Redwar (deceased) and payments were made when absentee beneficiaries could be traced:[6]
26 September 1836 £369.11s.11d to George Gavin Browne Mill (known as The Baron Mill) as trustee
10 October 1836 £1,847.19s.10d to (Harriett) Redwar (probably Mrs Harriett Gibbons) from Boulogne
5 December 1836 £369.11s.11d to John McNaught and wife from Clarendon
24 April 1837 £184.15s.11d to (each of) the Smiths (John Fairfell Smith and his wife Caroline Cydlippe) from Edinburgh, Mary Ann Turner and Sarah White Turner
13 October 1837 £184.15s.11d to JW and WD Turner, J McGlashan and wife and Wilton Turner.[7]
The awards were far from straightforward and a counterclaim by the Dr Baron George Gavin Browne Mill of Bath, gives us more insight into the memorials in Box. Baron Mill was the trustee in a marriage settlement of George Coleman and Harriett Redwar in 1816.[8] This is probably the same Harriett Redwar, the sister of Mrs Mary Gale Turner. We can see from this that the Redwar and Coleman families were connected by marriage as well as by social association.
Almost certainly Harriet Gibbons née Redwar, was the sister of Mary Gale Turner and of William Gale Redwar, and aunt of other claimants in the same award, including Sarah White Turner and Mary Ann[e] Turner. William Gale Redwar was at Eton in 1805 and later died in Jamaica. Harriet Gibbons had previously been married to Joseph Peters Fearon. They had two daughters baptised in Clarendon, Jamaica: Eliza Jane (1811) and Mary Gale (1813). She was given as Mrs HG Fearon alias McNaught in the 1826 Slave Register.
Jacquie Stewart wrote to us from Canada
{Please note details include contemporary language no longer considered acceptable)
I am an amateur researcher and have actually traced my Stewart line to my 4 x great grandfather who died in Ireland but apparently was from Scotland as per family oral history as well as some personal correspondence of relatives. I have published my Redway findings which you can read on my website, including details of my maternal grandfather, a Redway from Dunbarton,
St. Ann, Jamaica.[9]
I have traced the line back to an enslaved African woman named Grace born about 1747. I have also identified another Redway descendant of a slave, Eleanor (born about 1779) from the same estate but as of yet am unable to confirm the relationship (if any) of the two enslaved women. Eleanor, a Negro woman born in the West Indies appears to be my great, great, great grandmother. She is documented at age 38 on a 1817 slave register for brothers Henry and William Redwar in St Ann, Jamaica. Eleanor was one of 84 female slaves of 192 total slaves documented on the register.
My curiosity is in regards to whether any Redway descendants might be Redwars. I am trying to identify living descendants of Henry Redwar, whom I assume would be from his daughters since the two sons died young. At some point I am planning to trace the children's descendants but thought I would reach out first. I was able to prove my Stewart linage via DNA and am hoping to so similarly with the Redway line.
Eleanor's slave owners, Henry and William Redwar were the sons of Henry Redwar Esq and Elizabeth Gibbons Lewis. Henry Senior. was born in Barbados around 1752. He migrated to Jamaica and died there in 1798. The slave registers indicate that Eleanor had at least five children:
Emily (Sambo) born about 1800
William (Sambo) born about 1806
Collingwood Redway (Sambo) about 1809 - 1901
Sebina (Negro) born about 1814
James (Sambo) born about 1816
My great great grandfather Collingwood (sometimes Collin Wood) Redway, was often described as Sambo. This means that since his mother Eleanor was Negro, his father (unknown) was Mulatto. On 26 November 1840 Collingwood, a carpenter by trade, married Maria Jones at Dry Harbour Chapel, in St. Ann, Jamaica. A record by Rev William Alloway of the London Missionary Society gives some indication of the person when he was extoling the virtues of alcohol abstinence at a meeting February 1841:
Collingwood, Redmar (a negro) carpenter said, My dear friends, I come here to-night for no other purpose but to give thanks to God for his benefits. I never give to drink, but I see many person that hurt themselves with it. I see them lie down in the dirty, so that even hog can tread ‘pon them. Some say “it is only a little” but I say “little” will do much harm. Little pison (poison) will pison. Let dem as have ale and porter to sell, keep it, else drink it, else when it sour dem can trow (throw) it away. Me will keep for me money and buy pantaloons with it, else hat, else shoes, to come to me chapel in. I like the tee-total very much.
Conclusion
In Box and Bath, the Coleman and Redwar families were seen as pillars of Georgian society, people worthy to be remembered with the plaques in local churches. On the slave plantations of Jamaica, we see a very different side to their characters. Jacquie’s research depicts-mixed colour children possibly conceived by the rape of their ancestors (parents or grandparent) at hands of estate overseers or workers. It reflects the immorality that permeated slavery, the trade in slaves and the whole concept of the ownership of other human beings."
Box and Bath, the Coleman and Redwar families were seen as pillars of Georgian society, people worthy to be remembered with the plaques in local churches. On the slave plantations of Jamaica, we see a very different side to their characters. Jacquie’s research depicts-mixed colour children possibly conceived by rape at the hands of the estate owners. It reflects the immorality that permeated slavery, the trade in slaves and the whole concept of the ownership of other human beings.
Box was not unusual in having connections with the slave trade because much of the wealth of Georgian Britain was founded on the principle of slavery. Does Box need to take action to rectify the glorification of slavery exploitation? There are no village roads or buildings commemorating people involved in the trade, although there is evidence that they lived in properties in the village. Where there is evidence of a connection is the charity school in Box and the plaques in the church. The Box Charity School in the old workhouse was funded by slave owners in the early 1700s but is very much a thing of past history, now superseded by our Victorian Grade II listed building on the Bath Road. The plaques in Box Church are personal epitaphs to family deaths, not the overt celebration of slavery seen in statues like Colston’s in Bristol. My opinion is that we need to keep the plaques in the church so that we can remember and discuss the obscenity of slavery, racism and injustice that still exist in today’s society.
References
[1] We have used multiple different spellings of these names according to contemporary documents and usage.
[2] I am very much indebted to the generosity of Dr Nathaniel Adam Tobias Coleman, a distinguished academic and author of many works on the philosophical and social impact of slavery and racial discrimination, in sharing his research and granting permission for usage. Significantly, he is a descendant of the Coleman family of Jamaica. Any errors in interpretation are mine.
[3] https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/
[4] https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146653407
[5] Fiat = God’s will (Genesis, the first book of the bible, when God proclaimed “let there be light” (fiat lux))
[6] I am indebted to the generosity of Professor Robert Lancashire, University of the West Indies, who has contributed much research to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership. He referred me to Parliamentary Papers p.290
[7] T71/857 courtesy Professor Robert Lancashire
[8] T71/1183 courtesy Professor Robert Lancashire
[9] Jacquie has put her family research on line at https://www.1stgengenealogy.com/redway.html
[1] We have used multiple different spellings of these names according to contemporary documents and usage.
[2] I am very much indebted to the generosity of Dr Nathaniel Adam Tobias Coleman, a distinguished academic and author of many works on the philosophical and social impact of slavery and racial discrimination, in sharing his research and granting permission for usage. Significantly, he is a descendant of the Coleman family of Jamaica. Any errors in interpretation are mine.
[3] https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/
[4] https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146653407
[5] Fiat = God’s will (Genesis, the first book of the bible, when God proclaimed “let there be light” (fiat lux))
[6] I am indebted to the generosity of Professor Robert Lancashire, University of the West Indies, who has contributed much research to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership. He referred me to Parliamentary Papers p.290
[7] T71/857 courtesy Professor Robert Lancashire
[8] T71/1183 courtesy Professor Robert Lancashire
[9] Jacquie has put her family research on line at https://www.1stgengenealogy.com/redway.html