Bohuns and Bigods Alan Payne October 2023
The tomb recess in Box Church is believed to be for Samson Bigod with the effigy of Anthony Long included (courtesy Carol Payne)
The Bohun family came into their Box possessions by backing the right side in the disputes between members of the descendants of William I. They retained it by political flexibility in the royal court. The amount of time this consumed meant that they were not full-time residents in the area. To control their possessions, they needed a man on the spot, the Bigod family.
Bohun Family
Humphrey Bohun cum Barba (with the Beard) was a companion of William in the Conquest of England and rewarded with the manor of Bohun in Manche, Normandy.[1] His son, Humphrey Bohun I (died 1123) inherited the barony of Trowbridge by marriage to Maud, daughter of Edward of Salisbury.[2] It was Maud and her son Humphrey Bohun II (died 1164) who founded the Monkton Farleigh Priory in about 1120.[3] Possibly Humphrey Bohun II acquired assets in Box from his wife’s inheritance or he may have bought them after he acquired the office of Lord High Steward from Henry I, the fourth son of William the Conqueror. The Bohuns became extremely important people from their service to William Rufus and Henry I, as demonstrated by the society in which they moved. About 1131, Pope Innocent confirmed a gift by Humphrey de Bohun II of a mill in Box to Farleigh Priory, mills traditionally being granted to the church to feed the poor.[4] By tradition, this mill is believed to be the central Box Mill, connected by tracks throughout the area from in the south Hazelbury to Ditteridge in the north.
Water mills in Box were a major reason for the growth of the medieval village. It was vital to have a local mill because, without adequate roads or national markets, corn was usually grown, milled, and consumed within a radius of 5 miles. At a time when tenants were obliged to use their lord’s mill for grinding (suit of mill), Humphrey de Bohun’s 1131 gift of Box mill to Farleigh Priory was extremely generous.[5] Water mills carried special legal status, particular water rights and monopolistic income to the lord as tenants were obliged to use his mill.[6] They were valuable (especially before 1137 when windmills were first introduced) and Box mills particularly so.[7] The two mills recorded in Domesday Book had a taxable assessment of 35 shillings compared to Bathampton's two mills paying 21 shillings and Castle Combe's three mills paying 31s. 6d.
We can speculate about the relationship that the Bohuns had with Box. They were an Anglo-Norman family owning land in France on the Cherbourg Peninsula at La Manche, Normandy even though they settled in England. Their land holdings were significant but not sufficient to fund their ambition. For this, they needed service to the English king and the favours that he would provide to loyal retainers. William Rufus spent much time putting down rebellions in the North of England by Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria and then by Malcolm III, King of Scotland. Much of the rest of his time was spent in Normandy fighting his brother Robert. The Bohuns threw their lot in with Henry I, who bought the Cherbourg Peninsula from his brother Robert and spent his reign defending his claims to the English crown against his brother. As a result, the time that the Bohuns spent in Box would have been limited but that would not mean that they ignored the area; indeed, their absence may have encouraged them to build Box Church to remind residents of their importance.
The death of Henry I in 1135 altered the situation for the Bohuns. Henry’s only son had died in a drowning accident and the Conqueror’s nephew Stephen refused to accept Henry’s daughter, the Empress Matilda to the crown of England. In the ensuing civil war, The Anarchy, Humphrey II was a staunch supporter of Matilda, in 1139 defending Trowbridge Castle (possibly built by Humphrey I) against Stephen. There are suggestions that the wooden castle may have been fortified with Hazelbury stone.[8] The civil war lasted a further two decades in England and Normandy with various successes for each side. The Peterborough Chronicle describes the time as: The horrors they did to the unhappy people in this land, that lasted … 19 years while Stephen was king; and ever it was worse and worse… and they said openly that Christ slept and his saints.
In the middle of the conflict in 1144, the Empress Matilda and her son (later King Henry II) restored to Humphrey Bohun II the land he had lost in the fighting. Their grant included Melksham, Malmesbury and Bocza: dedimus ei et concessimus … Bocza, que fuit Gaifi de ….s…celes (we have given and granted [missing] Box, which was held by Gaifi of [missing]s[missing]celes).[9]
The grant was the manorial rights of Box and we can see that these were sufficiently valuable to be a reward to an important royal supporter. The close relationship between the Bohuns and King Henry II existed after the death of Stephen in 1154 and continued when Humphrey III took over the family estate after his father’s death in 1165. He was appointed Lord High Constable (one of the Great Offices of State) and appears to have followed Henry as the latter restored royal authority in England and France. His son Henry Bohun became Lord High Constable and was appointed Earl of Hereford by King John in 1199.
Rise of The Bigods, Knights of the Realm
Whilst they were away on royal duty, the Bohuns put their trusted supporters in place to represent them locally - the Bigod family in Box. The Bigods had fought with William the Conqueror at Hastings and Roger Bigod was rewarded with land in East Anglia and his descendants the Earldom of Norfolk. Like the Bohuns, they served in the royal household and one son was drowned in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120, in which the heir to the English throne was drowned. The Bigods who served the Bohun family in Box appear to be a junior branch of the family.[10] Bartholomew de Bigod was one of the witnesses to the Bohun grant of Box mill about 1131. It was an important role as the witnessing of a grant was not a casual event. It confirmed the assent of Humphrey’s counsellors and major tenants and it is evident that the Box Bigods were already trusted vassals.
The Bigods married into the inner circle of the Bohun household.[11] Bartholomew married a daughter of Ilbert de Chat, a major Norman vassal of the Bohuns. The family probably held a position at the heart of the lord’s court: steward (responsible for food and drink in the lord’s hall), chamberlain (dealing with the bed chamber and the cash chest held under the bed), chaplain (in charge of the lord’s chancery and all written records) or constable (controlling security, hunting and war matters). In return the Bigods were granted land and opportunities as the lord’s bailiff (chief official) relaying the instructions of the lord’s household to the residents of Box.
The Bigod family appear to have settled in Box during the life of Bartholomew Bigod II (1180-1220) and they carved out some considerable wealth for themselves by exploiting local rights and administering justice. In return, they were liable to the financial demands of the Bohuns and ultimately the king. Under King Richard I it has been calculated that national tax demands averaged about £20,000 a year (including payments to ransom the king when captured in the Holy Land in 1192). Suddenly under King John the amounts dramatically increased to pay for wars in France: £60,000 on average; £81,000 in 1211. For King John it ended in revolt and Magna Carta. For the Bigods it meant finding additional ways of raising income from their sub-tenants, the residents of Box.
In the Late Medieval period knights of the realm were lower nobility, responsible for maintaining horses, armour and equipment and a staff of equerries. The knights had to be capable of supporting their overlord if he needed an army. The knights were often accomplished horsemen and acquired a reputation for chivalry and courtly etiquette. A fascinating reminder of Box’s feudal past still exists in the name of a field, Horsemead, just north of the Manor House. Here the lord of Box manor kept his most valuable possessions, the horses he needed for medieval warfare or jousting. There were various types of animals: heavy chargers (similar to shire horses), palfreys (for everyday use) and packhorses (for carrying). It is a remarkable remnant of a society that existed in Box after the Conquest, when it was ruled by the armed supremacy of Norman invaders.
Samson Bigod (born about 1210 and still alive in 1270s) lived in a period of great political change and open rebellion to the king. It had started in the time of Samson’s father, Bartholomew, with the revolt of the barons against King John. John’s principal failure was the loss of much of his international empire, the greatest in western Europe. The king inherited a dominion including South Wales, Ireland, Normandy, Anjou and Aquitaine. After 1200, much of this was under threat: Normandy was lost by 1204, there were insurgencies in Scotland and Ireland and King John was excommunication by the Pope in 1209. The king lost the support of his baronial subjects in the face of increasing financial demands to pay for these wars and the settlement of Magna Carta in 1215 was their response.
To redress this setback, John courted an estate of people below the barons, local knights of the realm. who became central to the running of the counties and were showered with paid offices. The positions they were granted included coroners, keepers of the peace, escheators (holders of land confiscated by the king), assessors, collectors of tax, and justices of assize.
Samson benefited greatly from these changes. In an undated charter (probably about 1240 when he succeeded his father) he calls himself, Samson de Box, knight, son and heir of Bartholomei de Boxa and of Beatrice his wife:[12] In a later deed Sampson calls himself lord of (the manor of) Box: Know all living and to come that I Sampson Lord (Dominus) de la Boxe ....[13] Samson’s proud reference to his knightly position reflects his feudal status. He aspired to the position and responsibilities of aristocracy towards others. He was appointed justice in the Wiltshire sessions of the of Civil Pleas of 1249, responsible for selecting the jurors to adjudicate on both civil and common law cases.[14]
Open rebellion to King Henry III occurred in 1258 led by Simon de Montford resulting in a statute that two knights were to be elected from every county to discuss royal tax demands. To some extent the knights could not fail: they were feted by both the royal and baronial parties because of their local influence. The crisis came to a tipping point with the Provisions of Oxford 1258 which insisted on regular parliaments to discuss the complaints collected by four knights from each shire. The knights were authorised to be the voice of their peers and the community of the realm. As one of the senior knights, Samson may have been part of this reform movement.
Samson appears to have relished his status as a knight of the realm, and he exercised detailed local control in Box. In an undated charter he strongly defends the rights of his tenant, the Lady Agnes, widow of William de Sokwyke, to hold a wood called Kingswood saying: I, Sampson de la Boxe and my heirs will warrant, acquit and defend, according to the prescribed form, the whole of the said wood with all its appurtenances to the said Agnes de Shockerwick and her heirs against all members of religious houses, but for this gift, warrant and confirmation of my charter the said Agnes de Shockerwick has given me 8 marks sterling in ready money.[15]
We can see Samson’s importance from his actions. In about 1267 he made a gift to Monkton Farleigh Priory of a mill, possibly Becket’s Mill, close to the church and site of the Roman villa in Box.[16] The grant mirroring the Bohun grant centuries earlier and how far the Bigods had risen in social status. A deed made by Bartholomew Bigod of Box gave the estate of Ryddelaw (Rudloe) to Monkton Farleigh Priory.[17] After 1273 Samson Bigod, waived his customary rent from Bradenstoke Abbey for their tenancy of two acres of quarry. The rent Samson waived was of a pair of gilt spurs or 6d every Easter.[18] The spurs were a symbolic reminder of Samson’s high status. He was a feudal knight who had sworn an oath of fealty on bended knee before his lord with his hands together between his lord's hands, professing that he did become his lord’s man.[19] Only this estate of person was authorised to wear spurs. We believe that Samson Bigod was buried in the Hazelbury chapel of Box Church in the ornate, Byzantine tomb recess, demonstrating his wealth and importance, although the effigy there now is of Anthony Long.[20] He would have had all the trappings of a knight of the realm, a ritual position, a coat of arms and his sword, the symbol of knighthood awarded to him by the king.
Bohun Family
Humphrey Bohun cum Barba (with the Beard) was a companion of William in the Conquest of England and rewarded with the manor of Bohun in Manche, Normandy.[1] His son, Humphrey Bohun I (died 1123) inherited the barony of Trowbridge by marriage to Maud, daughter of Edward of Salisbury.[2] It was Maud and her son Humphrey Bohun II (died 1164) who founded the Monkton Farleigh Priory in about 1120.[3] Possibly Humphrey Bohun II acquired assets in Box from his wife’s inheritance or he may have bought them after he acquired the office of Lord High Steward from Henry I, the fourth son of William the Conqueror. The Bohuns became extremely important people from their service to William Rufus and Henry I, as demonstrated by the society in which they moved. About 1131, Pope Innocent confirmed a gift by Humphrey de Bohun II of a mill in Box to Farleigh Priory, mills traditionally being granted to the church to feed the poor.[4] By tradition, this mill is believed to be the central Box Mill, connected by tracks throughout the area from in the south Hazelbury to Ditteridge in the north.
Water mills in Box were a major reason for the growth of the medieval village. It was vital to have a local mill because, without adequate roads or national markets, corn was usually grown, milled, and consumed within a radius of 5 miles. At a time when tenants were obliged to use their lord’s mill for grinding (suit of mill), Humphrey de Bohun’s 1131 gift of Box mill to Farleigh Priory was extremely generous.[5] Water mills carried special legal status, particular water rights and monopolistic income to the lord as tenants were obliged to use his mill.[6] They were valuable (especially before 1137 when windmills were first introduced) and Box mills particularly so.[7] The two mills recorded in Domesday Book had a taxable assessment of 35 shillings compared to Bathampton's two mills paying 21 shillings and Castle Combe's three mills paying 31s. 6d.
We can speculate about the relationship that the Bohuns had with Box. They were an Anglo-Norman family owning land in France on the Cherbourg Peninsula at La Manche, Normandy even though they settled in England. Their land holdings were significant but not sufficient to fund their ambition. For this, they needed service to the English king and the favours that he would provide to loyal retainers. William Rufus spent much time putting down rebellions in the North of England by Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria and then by Malcolm III, King of Scotland. Much of the rest of his time was spent in Normandy fighting his brother Robert. The Bohuns threw their lot in with Henry I, who bought the Cherbourg Peninsula from his brother Robert and spent his reign defending his claims to the English crown against his brother. As a result, the time that the Bohuns spent in Box would have been limited but that would not mean that they ignored the area; indeed, their absence may have encouraged them to build Box Church to remind residents of their importance.
The death of Henry I in 1135 altered the situation for the Bohuns. Henry’s only son had died in a drowning accident and the Conqueror’s nephew Stephen refused to accept Henry’s daughter, the Empress Matilda to the crown of England. In the ensuing civil war, The Anarchy, Humphrey II was a staunch supporter of Matilda, in 1139 defending Trowbridge Castle (possibly built by Humphrey I) against Stephen. There are suggestions that the wooden castle may have been fortified with Hazelbury stone.[8] The civil war lasted a further two decades in England and Normandy with various successes for each side. The Peterborough Chronicle describes the time as: The horrors they did to the unhappy people in this land, that lasted … 19 years while Stephen was king; and ever it was worse and worse… and they said openly that Christ slept and his saints.
In the middle of the conflict in 1144, the Empress Matilda and her son (later King Henry II) restored to Humphrey Bohun II the land he had lost in the fighting. Their grant included Melksham, Malmesbury and Bocza: dedimus ei et concessimus … Bocza, que fuit Gaifi de ….s…celes (we have given and granted [missing] Box, which was held by Gaifi of [missing]s[missing]celes).[9]
The grant was the manorial rights of Box and we can see that these were sufficiently valuable to be a reward to an important royal supporter. The close relationship between the Bohuns and King Henry II existed after the death of Stephen in 1154 and continued when Humphrey III took over the family estate after his father’s death in 1165. He was appointed Lord High Constable (one of the Great Offices of State) and appears to have followed Henry as the latter restored royal authority in England and France. His son Henry Bohun became Lord High Constable and was appointed Earl of Hereford by King John in 1199.
Rise of The Bigods, Knights of the Realm
Whilst they were away on royal duty, the Bohuns put their trusted supporters in place to represent them locally - the Bigod family in Box. The Bigods had fought with William the Conqueror at Hastings and Roger Bigod was rewarded with land in East Anglia and his descendants the Earldom of Norfolk. Like the Bohuns, they served in the royal household and one son was drowned in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120, in which the heir to the English throne was drowned. The Bigods who served the Bohun family in Box appear to be a junior branch of the family.[10] Bartholomew de Bigod was one of the witnesses to the Bohun grant of Box mill about 1131. It was an important role as the witnessing of a grant was not a casual event. It confirmed the assent of Humphrey’s counsellors and major tenants and it is evident that the Box Bigods were already trusted vassals.
The Bigods married into the inner circle of the Bohun household.[11] Bartholomew married a daughter of Ilbert de Chat, a major Norman vassal of the Bohuns. The family probably held a position at the heart of the lord’s court: steward (responsible for food and drink in the lord’s hall), chamberlain (dealing with the bed chamber and the cash chest held under the bed), chaplain (in charge of the lord’s chancery and all written records) or constable (controlling security, hunting and war matters). In return the Bigods were granted land and opportunities as the lord’s bailiff (chief official) relaying the instructions of the lord’s household to the residents of Box.
The Bigod family appear to have settled in Box during the life of Bartholomew Bigod II (1180-1220) and they carved out some considerable wealth for themselves by exploiting local rights and administering justice. In return, they were liable to the financial demands of the Bohuns and ultimately the king. Under King Richard I it has been calculated that national tax demands averaged about £20,000 a year (including payments to ransom the king when captured in the Holy Land in 1192). Suddenly under King John the amounts dramatically increased to pay for wars in France: £60,000 on average; £81,000 in 1211. For King John it ended in revolt and Magna Carta. For the Bigods it meant finding additional ways of raising income from their sub-tenants, the residents of Box.
In the Late Medieval period knights of the realm were lower nobility, responsible for maintaining horses, armour and equipment and a staff of equerries. The knights had to be capable of supporting their overlord if he needed an army. The knights were often accomplished horsemen and acquired a reputation for chivalry and courtly etiquette. A fascinating reminder of Box’s feudal past still exists in the name of a field, Horsemead, just north of the Manor House. Here the lord of Box manor kept his most valuable possessions, the horses he needed for medieval warfare or jousting. There were various types of animals: heavy chargers (similar to shire horses), palfreys (for everyday use) and packhorses (for carrying). It is a remarkable remnant of a society that existed in Box after the Conquest, when it was ruled by the armed supremacy of Norman invaders.
Samson Bigod (born about 1210 and still alive in 1270s) lived in a period of great political change and open rebellion to the king. It had started in the time of Samson’s father, Bartholomew, with the revolt of the barons against King John. John’s principal failure was the loss of much of his international empire, the greatest in western Europe. The king inherited a dominion including South Wales, Ireland, Normandy, Anjou and Aquitaine. After 1200, much of this was under threat: Normandy was lost by 1204, there were insurgencies in Scotland and Ireland and King John was excommunication by the Pope in 1209. The king lost the support of his baronial subjects in the face of increasing financial demands to pay for these wars and the settlement of Magna Carta in 1215 was their response.
To redress this setback, John courted an estate of people below the barons, local knights of the realm. who became central to the running of the counties and were showered with paid offices. The positions they were granted included coroners, keepers of the peace, escheators (holders of land confiscated by the king), assessors, collectors of tax, and justices of assize.
Samson benefited greatly from these changes. In an undated charter (probably about 1240 when he succeeded his father) he calls himself, Samson de Box, knight, son and heir of Bartholomei de Boxa and of Beatrice his wife:[12] In a later deed Sampson calls himself lord of (the manor of) Box: Know all living and to come that I Sampson Lord (Dominus) de la Boxe ....[13] Samson’s proud reference to his knightly position reflects his feudal status. He aspired to the position and responsibilities of aristocracy towards others. He was appointed justice in the Wiltshire sessions of the of Civil Pleas of 1249, responsible for selecting the jurors to adjudicate on both civil and common law cases.[14]
Open rebellion to King Henry III occurred in 1258 led by Simon de Montford resulting in a statute that two knights were to be elected from every county to discuss royal tax demands. To some extent the knights could not fail: they were feted by both the royal and baronial parties because of their local influence. The crisis came to a tipping point with the Provisions of Oxford 1258 which insisted on regular parliaments to discuss the complaints collected by four knights from each shire. The knights were authorised to be the voice of their peers and the community of the realm. As one of the senior knights, Samson may have been part of this reform movement.
Samson appears to have relished his status as a knight of the realm, and he exercised detailed local control in Box. In an undated charter he strongly defends the rights of his tenant, the Lady Agnes, widow of William de Sokwyke, to hold a wood called Kingswood saying: I, Sampson de la Boxe and my heirs will warrant, acquit and defend, according to the prescribed form, the whole of the said wood with all its appurtenances to the said Agnes de Shockerwick and her heirs against all members of religious houses, but for this gift, warrant and confirmation of my charter the said Agnes de Shockerwick has given me 8 marks sterling in ready money.[15]
We can see Samson’s importance from his actions. In about 1267 he made a gift to Monkton Farleigh Priory of a mill, possibly Becket’s Mill, close to the church and site of the Roman villa in Box.[16] The grant mirroring the Bohun grant centuries earlier and how far the Bigods had risen in social status. A deed made by Bartholomew Bigod of Box gave the estate of Ryddelaw (Rudloe) to Monkton Farleigh Priory.[17] After 1273 Samson Bigod, waived his customary rent from Bradenstoke Abbey for their tenancy of two acres of quarry. The rent Samson waived was of a pair of gilt spurs or 6d every Easter.[18] The spurs were a symbolic reminder of Samson’s high status. He was a feudal knight who had sworn an oath of fealty on bended knee before his lord with his hands together between his lord's hands, professing that he did become his lord’s man.[19] Only this estate of person was authorised to wear spurs. We believe that Samson Bigod was buried in the Hazelbury chapel of Box Church in the ornate, Byzantine tomb recess, demonstrating his wealth and importance, although the effigy there now is of Anthony Long.[20] He would have had all the trappings of a knight of the realm, a ritual position, a coat of arms and his sword, the symbol of knighthood awarded to him by the king.
References
[1] Jane Cox, The Norman Conquest of Box, Wiltshie, 2016, Ex Libris Press, p.68-70 gives background details of other possibilities for the genealogy of the Bohun family
[2] Jean LeMelletier, Les Seigneurs de Bohon, Coutances: Arnaud-Bellee, 1978; Stenton, p.21; and Kidston, p.31
[3] Victoria County History of Wiltshire, Vol III, p.262
[4] Nathaniel J Hone, The Manor and Manorial Records, 1971, Kennikat Press, p.86
[5] Historic Buildings, p.109 dates the present building to 1600s
[6] Adam R Lucas, English mill law, seigneurial rights and Ecclesiastical lordship, p.272, (PDF) Ch. 9 English Mill Law, Seigneurial Rights and Ecclesiastical Lordship (pp. 269-306) | Adam R Lucas - Academia.edu
[7] MC Corfield, Guide to Industrial Archaeology of Wiltshire, 1978, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, p.27
[8] Jane Cox, The Norman Conquest of Box Wiltshire, 2016, Ex-Libris Press, p.67
[9] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.5
[10] See Jane Cox, The Norman Conquest of Box, Wiltshie, 2016, Ex Libris Press, p.102
[11] Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Vol IV, p.282
[12] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.124
[13] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.295
[14] Wiltshire Record Society, Vol 26, p.2 & 11
[15] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.126
[16] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.124
[17] Rudloe Scene, rudloescene.co.uk - History
[18] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.124
[19] Nathaniel J Hone, The Manor and Manorial Records, 1971, Kennikat Press, p.21
[20] Martin and Elizabeth Devon, St Thomas à Becket Church Guide and Brief History, p.6
[1] Jane Cox, The Norman Conquest of Box, Wiltshie, 2016, Ex Libris Press, p.68-70 gives background details of other possibilities for the genealogy of the Bohun family
[2] Jean LeMelletier, Les Seigneurs de Bohon, Coutances: Arnaud-Bellee, 1978; Stenton, p.21; and Kidston, p.31
[3] Victoria County History of Wiltshire, Vol III, p.262
[4] Nathaniel J Hone, The Manor and Manorial Records, 1971, Kennikat Press, p.86
[5] Historic Buildings, p.109 dates the present building to 1600s
[6] Adam R Lucas, English mill law, seigneurial rights and Ecclesiastical lordship, p.272, (PDF) Ch. 9 English Mill Law, Seigneurial Rights and Ecclesiastical Lordship (pp. 269-306) | Adam R Lucas - Academia.edu
[7] MC Corfield, Guide to Industrial Archaeology of Wiltshire, 1978, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, p.27
[8] Jane Cox, The Norman Conquest of Box Wiltshire, 2016, Ex-Libris Press, p.67
[9] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.5
[10] See Jane Cox, The Norman Conquest of Box, Wiltshie, 2016, Ex Libris Press, p.102
[11] Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Vol IV, p.282
[12] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.124
[13] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.295
[14] Wiltshire Record Society, Vol 26, p.2 & 11
[15] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.126
[16] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.124
[17] Rudloe Scene, rudloescene.co.uk - History
[18] GJ Kidston, A History of the Manor of Hazelbury, 1936, p.124
[19] Nathaniel J Hone, The Manor and Manorial Records, 1971, Kennikat Press, p.21
[20] Martin and Elizabeth Devon, St Thomas à Becket Church Guide and Brief History, p.6